Strong Verbs Type I

Ia:

steigan
pp: stigans, stigan(ata), stigana
pp: steigands/steiganda, steigando, steigandei

steiga steigos steigam
steigis steigats steigiþ
steigiþ steigand

steigada steiganda
steigaza steiganda
steigada steiganda

steigau steigaiwa steigaima
steigais steigaits steigaiþ
steigai steigaina

steigaidau steigaindau
steigaizau steigaindau
steigaidau steigaindau

staig stigu stigum
staigt? stiguts stiguþ
staig stigun

stigjau stigeiwa stigeima
stigeis stigeits stigeiþ
stigi stigeina

---- ----- steigam
steig steigats steigiþ
steigadau steigandau


----------------------------

Ib:

teihan
pp: taihans, taihan(ata), taihana
pp: teihands/teihanda, teihando, teihandei

teiha teihos teiham
teihis teihats teihiþ
teihiþ teihand

teihada teihanda
teihaza teihanda
teihada teihanda

teihau teihaiwa teihaima
teihais teihaits teihaiþ
teihai teihaina

teihaidau teihaindau
teihaizau teihaindau
teihaidau teihaindau

taih taihu taihum
taiht? taihuts taihuþ
taih taihun

taihjau taiheiwa taiheima
taiheis taiheits taiheiþ
taihi taiheina

------ ------- teiham
teih teihats teihiþ
teihadau teihandau

Strong Verbs

Ia: steigan staig stigun stigans
Ib: teihan taih taihun taihans

IIa: kiusan kaus kusun kusans
lukan lauk lukun lukans
IIb: tiuhan tauh tauhun tauhans

IIIa: bindan band bundun bundans
IIIb: wairþan warþ waurþun waurþuns


IVa: qiman qam qemun qumans
IVb: bairan bar berun baurans


Va: qiþan qaþ qeþun qiþans
Vb: saihwan sahw sehwun saihwans

VI: sakan sok sokun sakans

VIIa: aukan aiauk aiaukun aukans
gafahan gafaifah gafaifahun gafahans
slepan saislep saislepun slepans
skaidan skaiskaiþ saiskaidun skaidans

VIIb: letan lailot lailotun letans
saian saiso (saisost) saisoun* saians
waian waiwo (waiwost*) waiwoun waians

strong verbs with -j- in stem:
Va: bidjan baþ bedun bidans
VI: hafjan hof hofun hafans

Va: sniwan snau snewun sniwans

-n- in stem

Vb: fraihnan frah frehun fraihans
VI: standan stoþ stoþun staþans

--------------------

kaus kusu kusum
kaust kusuts kusuþ
kaus kusun

before -t:
b>f: giban, gaft
d>s: biudan, baust
t>s: bigitan, bigast
þ>s: qiþan, qast

after vowels, word final devoicing occurs:
b>f: gadaban, gadof
d>þ bidjan>baþ

Both

bai/bajoþs
bans*
baddje*
baim/bajoþum

ba
ba
baddje*
baim

bos*
bos*
baddj0*
baim

twai twa twos
twans twa twos
twaddje twaddje twaddjo*
twaim twaim twaim

twaddjo/baddjo/bos from Kleinere Schriften by Jacob Ludwig C. Grimm, 1884.

þreis þrija þreis
þrins þrija þrins
þrije þrije þrije/þrijo?
þrim þrim þrim

Grimm has þrije for the fem gen.

Minor Declentions, Numbers, Adverbs

bai/ba
strong verbs
possesives
some adjective types
adverbs
comparative adverbs
minor noun declensions plus stuff from salo lesson 10
indef/interrogative pronouns
devoicing
---------------
nd-stems

fijands fijands
fijand fijands
fijandis fijande
fijand fijandam
------------------
comp: iza/izo/izei
super: ists/ist/ista : ista? / isto? / isto?

list of oza adjs:
arms "poor" armoza "poorer" armosts "poorest"
framaldrs "elderly" framaldroza "more elderly" framaldrosts "most elderly"
froths "wise" frodoza "wiser" frodosts "wisest"
garaihts "just" garaihtoza "more just" garaihtosts "most just"
handugs "clever" handugoza "cleverer" handugosts "cleverest"
hlas "happy" hlasoza "happier" hlasosts "happiest"
lasius "weak" lasiwoza "weaker" lasiwosts "weakest"
swinths "strong" swinthoza "stronger" swinthosts "strongest"
thaurfts "necessary" thaurftoza "more necessary" thaurftosts "most necessary"
usdauths "earnest" usdaudoza "more earnest" usdaudosts "most earnest"
-------------
adverbs

-aba
i-stems: -iba
u-stems: -uba

comparative: -is (sometimes -os)
----------------
strong verbs that end in -jan
jan-verbs; the -jan is confined to the present stem. These are:
bidjan, bath, bedun, bidans: to pray, ask, entreat
frathjan, froth, frothun, frathans: to understand
hafjan, hof, hofun, hafans: to raise (cf. "heave")
hlahjan, hloh, hlohun, hlahans: to laugh
garathjan, garoth, garothun, garathans: to count
gaskapjan, gaskop, gaskopun, gaskapans to create (cf. "shape")
skathjan, skoth, skothun, skathans to injure, to harm (cf. "scathe")
wahsjan, wohs, wohsun, wahsans to grow (cf. "wax", e.g. of the moon)
----------------------

type I weak verb vowels:

If the verb-stem consists of a _long_ vowel or a diphthong followed by _no_
consonant before the -jan ending, the stem changes when it is followed by an
ending in which the -j- has turned into a vowel: namely, the 2nd person singular
imperative ending -ei, all of the past endings with the -id- and -ided-
suffixes, and the past participle -iths.

The stem changes are:
Before a consonant Before a vowel
o au
au aw
iu iw
---------------------
mixed declensions (proper names, etc...):


Rumonus Rumoneis
Rumonu Rumonins
Rumonaus Rumone
Rumonau Rumonim

---------------------
r
broþar broþrjus
broþar broþruns
broþrs broþre
broþr broþrum

masc root cons:
menoþs menoþs
menoþ menoþs
menoþs menoþe
menoþ menoþum

fem root cons:
baurgs baurgs
baurg baurgs
baurgs baruge
baurg baurgim

fon
fun
funins
funin

-------

cardinal numbers:

1 ains ain aina
2 twai twa twos
3 þreis þrija þreis
4 fidwor
5 fimf
6 saihs
7 sibun
8 ahtau
9 niun
10 taihun
11 ainlif dat: ainlibum
12 twalif gen: twalibe / dat: twalibim
13 þreistaihun* / þrijataihun*
14 fidwortaihun
15 fimftaihun
16 saihstaihun*
17 sibuntaihun*
18 ahtautaihun*
19 niuntaihun*
20 twai tigjus D:twaim tigum
21 twai tigjus jah ains
22 twai tigjus jah twai/anþar
23 twai tigjus jah þreis
30 þreis tigjus A: þrins tiguns G:þrije tigiwe
40 fidwor tigjus
50 fimf tigjus
60 saihs tigjus D: saihs tigum
70 sibuntehund
80 ahtautehund
90 niuntehund G: niuntehundis
100 taihuntehund / taihuntaihund
200 twa hunda
300 þrija hunda
400 fidwor hunda
500 fimf hunda
600 saihs hunda*
700 sibun hunda*
800 auhtau hunda*
900 niun hunda
1000 þusundi
2000 twos þusundi
3000 þreis þusundjos
4000 fidwor þusundjos
5000 fimf þusundjos
with 10,000 - miþ taihun þusundjom
with 20,000 - miþ twaim tigun þusundjom

cardinal above 3 are usually undeclined

ordinal numbers:

1st fruma (always weak)
2nd anþar (always strong)
3rd þridja (always weak...)
4th fidworda*
5th fimfta
6th saihsta
7th sibunda*
8th ahtuda
9th niunda
10th taihunda
11th ainlifta
12th twalifta
13th þridjataihunda
14th fidwordataihunda
15th fimftataihunda
16th saihstataihunda
17th sibundataihunda
18th ahtudataihunda
19th niundataihunda
20th twai tig(j?)uda /tigosta
21st twai tigjuda jah fruma
22nd twai tigjuda jah anþar
23rd twai tigjuda jah þridja
24th twai tigjuda jah fidworda
25th twai tigjuda jah fimfta
26th twai tigjuda jah saihsta
27th twai tigjuda jah sibunda
28th twai tigjuda jah ahtuda
29th twai tigjuda jah niunda
30th þrei tigjuda (þrija tiguda? like *þrijataihun?)
31st þrei tigjuda jah fruma
40th fidworda tigjuda
50th fimfta tigjuda
60th saihsta tigjuda
70th sibuntehundosta
80th ahtautehundosta
90th niuntehundosta
100th hundosta
200th twai hundosta
300th þrei hundosta
400th fidworda hundosta
500th fimfta hundosta
600th saihsta hundosta
700th sibunda hundosta
800th ahtuda hundosta
900th niunda hundosta
1000th þusundjosta
2000th twai þusundjosta

Comparative-Superlative Adjectives

pure a stem adjectives: stem + -iz-/-oz- + weak endings
ja/i/u stem adjectives: stem + iz + weak endings

manags > managiza
juggs > juhiza
swinths > swinthoza
altheis > althiza
suts > sutiza
hardus > hardiza
froths > frodoza

AWAYS WEAK, FEMININE TAKE -EI endings NOT -O endings

+ Dative noun = " _____er than X"




Superlative:

stem + ist/ost + weak and strong endings

manags > managiza > managists
arms > armoza > armosts

goths > batiza > batists
leitils > minniza > minnists
mikils > maiza > maists
sineigs > ?????siniza > sinista
ubils > wairsiza > ????wairsts


-uma endings???

NO -ata ENDINGS

Adjectives

blinda blindans
blidan blindans
blindins blindane
blindin blindam

blindo blindona
blindo blindona
blindins blindane
blindin blindam

blindo blindons
blinson blindons
blindons blindono
blinson blindom
--------------------
blinds blindai
blindana blindans
blindis blindaize
blindamma blindaim

blind/blindata* blinda
blind/blindata* blinda
blindis blindaize
blindamma blindaim

blinda blindos
blinda blindos
blindaizos blindaizo
blindai blindaim

*-ata is not used predicatively, but is optional attributively.


----------------
ja stem:

midjis midjai
midjana midjans
midjis midjaize
midjamma midjaim

midi/midjata midja
midi/midjata midja
midjis midaize
midjamma midjaim

midja midjos
midja midjos
midjaizos midjaizo
midjai midjaim
------
midja midjans
midjan midjans
midjins midjane
midjin midjam

midjo midjona
midjo midjona
midjins midjane
midjin midjam

midjo midjons
midjon midjons
midjons midjono
midjon midjom



-------------

wilþeis wilþjai
wilþjana wilþjans
wilþeis wilþjaize
wilþjamma wilþjaim

wilþi/wilþjata wilþja
wilþi/wilþjata wilþja
wilþeis wilþjaize
wilþjamma wilþjaim

wilþja wilþjos
wilþja wilþjos
wilþjaizos wilþjaizo
wilþjai wilþjaim
-------------
wilþja wilþjans
wilþjan wilþjans
wilþjins wilþjane
wilþjin wilþjam

wilþjo wilþjona
wilþjo wilþjona
wilþjins wilþjane
wilþjin wilþjam

wilþjo wilþjons
wilþjon wilþjons
wilþjons wilþjono
wilþjon wilþjom

-------------------
i-stems:


hrains hrainjai
hrainjana hrainjans
hrainis hrainjaize
hrainjamma hrainjaim

hrain hrainja *the -ata form is not attested in this class.
hrain hrainja
hrainis hrainjaize
hrainjamma hrainjaim

hrains hrainjos
hrainja hrainjos
hrainjaizos hrainjaizo
hrainjai hrainjaim
------------
hrainja hrainjans
hrainjan hrainjans
hrainjins hrainjane
hrainjin hrainjam

hrainjo hrainjona
hrainjo hrainjona
hrainjins hrainjane
hrainjin hrainjam

hrainjo hrainjons
hrainjon hrainjons
hrainjons hrainjono
hrainjon hrainjom


----------------------


u-stems


hardus hardjai
hardjana hardjans
hardaus hardjaize
hardjamma hardjaim

hardu/hardjata hardja
hardu/hardjata hardja
hardaus hardjaize
hardjamma hardjaim

hardus hardjos
hardja hardjos
hardjaizos hardjaizo
hardjai hardjaim
------
hardja hardjans
hardjan hardjans
hardjins hardjane
hardjin hardjam

hardjo hardjona
hardjo hardjona
hardjins hardjane
hardjin hardjam

hardjo hardjons
hardjon hardjons
hardjons hardjono
hardjon hardjom











niujis
goths
laus
skeins
freis

wa stem
lasiws/lasius
faus
usskaus
qius
triggws

Weak Verbs Type IV

fullnan
fullnoþs; fullnod-
fullnands / fullnanda

fullna fullnos fullnam
fullnis fullnats fullniþ
fullniþ fullnand

fullnada fullnanda
fullaza fullnanda
fullnada fullnanda

fullnau fullnaiwa fullnaima
fullnais fullnaits fullnaiþ
fullnai fullnaina

fullnaidau fullnaindau
fullnaizau fullnaindau
fullnaidau fullnaindau

fullnoda fullnodedu fullnodedum
fullnodes fullnodeduts fullnodeduþ
fullnoda fullnodedun

fullnodedjau fullnodedeiwa fullnodedeima
fullnodedeis fullnodedeits fullnodedeiþ
fullnodedi fullnodedeina

imp:
------ ------ fullnam
fulln fullnats fullniþ
fullnadau fullnandau

*the forms in bold (passives and past participle) would never have been used because type iv weak verbs are all intransitive. they are provided here merely for reference and for the sake of me being anal about having complete paradigms.

Weak Verbs Type III

haban
habaiþs; habaid-
hanbands / habanda

haba habos habam
habais habats habaiþ
habaiþ haband

habada habanda
habaza habanda
habada habanda

habau habaiwa habaima
habais habaits habaiþ
habai habaina

habaidau habaindau
habaizau habaindau
habaidau habaindau

habaida habaidedu habaidedum
habaides habaideduts habaideduþ
habaida habaidedun

habaidedjau habaidedeiwa habaidedeima
habaidedeis habiadedeits habaidedeiþ
habaidedi habaidedeina

imp:
---------- -------- habam
habai habats habaiþ
habadau habandau

Weak Verbs Type II

salbon
salboþs; salbod-
saldonds / solbonda

present ind:
salbo salbo salbom
salbos salbots salboþ
salboþ salbond

present ind passive:
salboda salbonda
salboza salbonda
salboda salbonda

present subj:
salbo salbowa salboma
salbos salbots salboþ
salbo salbona

present sub passive:
salbodau salbondau
salbozau salbondau
salbodau salbondau

pret ind:
salboda salbodedu salbodedum
salbodes salbodeduts salbodeduþ
salboda salbodedun

pret subj:
salbodedjau salbodedeiwa salbodedeima
salbodedjais salbodedeits salbodedeiþ
salbodedi solbodedeina

imp:

---- ----- salbom
salbo salbots salboþ
salbodau salbondau

Weak Verbs Type I Irregular

briggan brahta brahts
brukjan bruhta bruhts
bugjan bauhta bauhts
gaggan* iddja gaggans
kaupatjan kaupasta kaupatiþs
þagkjan þahta þahts
þugkjan þuhta þuhts
waurkjan waurhta waurhts

* one instance of the preterite form gaggida occurs. the original form would have gaigagg, which has been lost.

Weak Verbs Type Ib

sokjan
sokiþs; sokid-
sokjands / sokjanda

sokja sokjos sokjam
sokeis sokjats sokeiþ
sokeiþ sokjand

sokjada sokjanda
sokjaza sokjanda
sokjada sokjanda

sokjau sokjaiwa sokjaima
sokjais sokjaits sokjaiþ
sokjai sokjaina

sokjaidau sokjaindau
sokjaizau sokjaindau
sokjaidau sokjaindau

sokida sokidedu sokidedum
sokides sokideduts sokideduþ
sokida sokidedun

sokidedjau sokidedeiwa sokidedeima
sokidedeis sokidedeits sokidedeiþ
sokidedi sokidedeina

imp:
----- ----- sokjam
sokei sokjats sokeiþ
sokjadau sokjandau

Weak Verbs Type Ia

type ia (short stem syllable):
inf: nasjan
pp: nasjiþis; nasjid-
pp: nasjands / nasjanda

present tense:

nasja nasjos nasjam
nasjis nasjats nasjiþ
nasjiþ nasjand

nasjada nasjanda
nasjaza nasjanda
nasjada nasjanda

nasjau nasjaiwa nasjmaima
nasjais nasjaits nasjaiþ
nasjai nasjaina

nasjaidau nasjaindau
nasjaizau nasjaindau
nasjaidau nasjaindau

preterite:

nasida nasidedu nasidedum
nasides nasideduts nasideduþ
nasida nasidedun

nasidedjau nasidedeiwa nasidedeima
nasidedeis nasidedeits nasidedeiþ
nasidedi nasidedeina

imperative:

------ ------- nasjam
nasei nasjats nasjiþ
nasjadau nasjandau

*Light stem syllables (short stem syllable or long open syllable) inflect like nasjan. Heavy stemmed syllables (long closed stem syllable or multisyllabic stem) inflect like sokjan (the 'o' is long). In the bolded forms, ji > ei.

NOTE TO SELF: FIGURE OUT WHY STOJAN > STAUIDA BUT TAUJAN > TAWIDA???

type ia (long open syllable):
inf: stojan
pp: stauiþs; stauid-
pp: stojands / stojanda

stoja stojos stojam
stojis stojats stojiþ
stojiþ sokjand

stojada stojanda
stojaza stojanda
stojada stojanda

stojau stojaiwa stojaima
stojais stojaits stojaiþ
stojai stojaina

stojaidau stojaindau
stojaizau stojaindau
stojaidau stojaindau

preterite:

stauida stauidedu stauidedum
stauides sauideduts stauideduþ
stauida stauidedun

stauidedjau stauidedeiwa stauidedeima
stauidedeis stauidedeits stauidedeiþ
stauidedi stauidedeina

imperative:

------ ----- stojam
stauei stojats stojiþ
stojadau stojandau

-----------------------

taujan
tawiþs; tawid-
taujands

tauja taujos taujam
taujis taujats taujiþ
taujiþ taujand

taujada taujanda
taujaza taujanda
taujada taujanda

taujau taujaiwa taujaima
taujais taujaits taujaiþ
taujai taujaina

taujaidau taujaindau
taujaizau taujaindau
taujaidau taujaindau

tawida tawidedu tawidedum
tawides tawideduts tawideduþ
tawida tawidedun

tawidedjau tawidedeiwa tawidedeima
tawidedeis tawidedeits tawidedeiþ
tawidedi tawidedeina

imp:
---- ---- taujam
tawei taujats taujiþ
taujaudau taujaundau

Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns

hwas ?hwai?
hwana plural:hwans* from attested "twans hwanzuh" "two by two"
hwis ?hwize?
hwamma ?hwaim?

hwa hwo?
hwa hwo?
hwis hwize?
hwamma hwaim?
instrumental:hwe

hwo ?hwos
hwo ?hwos
hwizos ?hwizo
hwizai ?hwaim
------
which (of many)

hwarjis hwarjai
hwarjana hwarjans
hwarjis hwarjaize
hwarjamma hwarjaim

hwarjata hwarja
hwarjata hwarja
hwarjis hwarjaize
hwarjamma hwarjaim

hwarja hwarjos
hwarja hwarjos
hwarjaizos hwarjaizo
hwarjai hwarjaim
-------
hwarjizuh ?hwarjaih
hwarjanoh ?hwarjanzuh
hwarjizuh ?hwarjaizeh
hwarjammeh ?hwarjaimuh

hwarjatoh ?hwarjah
hwarjatoh ?hwarjah
hwarjizuh ?hwarjaizeh
hwarjammeh ?hwarjaimuh

hwarjoh ?hwarjozuh
hwarjoh ?hwarjozuh
hwarjizozuh ?hwarjaizoh
hwarjaih ?hwarjaimuh



---------
þishwazuh saei
þishwanoh saei
þishwizuh saei
þishwammeh saei

þishwah þei / þatei
þishwah þei / þatei
þishwizuh þei
þishwammeh þei

þishwoh soei*
þishwoh soei*
þishwizozuh soei*
þishwizaih soei*

-------------

sahwazuh saei / izei
??hwanoh saei
??hwizuh saei
??hwammeh saei

þatahwah þei
þatahwah þei
???hwizuh þei
hwammeh ?þei

sohwoh soei*
???hwoh soei*
???hwizozuh soei*
???hwizaih soei*

---------------

hwazuh saei
hwanoh saei
hwizuh saei
hwammeh saei

hwah þei / þatei
hwah þei / þatei
hwizuh þei
hwammeh þei

hwoh soei*
hwoh soei*
hwizozuh soei*
hwizaih soei*
----------------
hwazuh ?hwaih
hwanoh hwanzuh
hwizuh ?hwizeh
hwammeh ?hwaimuh

hwah ?hwoh
hwah ?hwoh
hwizuh ?hwizeh
hwammeh ?hwaimuh

hwoh ?hwozuh
hwoh ?hwozuh
hwizozuh ?hwizoh
hwizaih ?hwaimuh

---------------
ainshun
ainnohun/ainohun
ainishun
ainummehun

ainhun
ainhun
ainishun
ainummehun

ainohun
ainohun
anaizoshun
ainaihun
-----------

mannahun ?mannanshun/manshun
mannanhun ?mannanshun/manshun
manshun ?mannehun
mannhun ?mannamhun

Preterite Present Verbs and Weak Noun Declensions

witan wait witum wissa wiss
lisan* lais lisum* lista lists
dugan* daug dugum* dauhta* dauhts*
kunnan kann kunnum kuntha kunths*
þaurban þarf þaurbum þaurfta þaurfts
gadaursan gadars gadaursum gadaursta gadaursts*
skulan skal skulum skulda skulds
munan man munum munda munds
binauhan* binah binauhum* binauhta* binauhts
ganauhan* ganah ganauhum* ganauhta* ganauhts*
gamotan gamot gamotum* gamosta gamosts*
ogan*/agan* og ogum* ohta ohts*
magan mag magum mahta mahts
aigan/aihan aih/aig aigum/aihum aihta aihts*
-----------------

guta gutans
gutan gutans
gutins gutane
gutin gutam

hairto hairtona
hairto hairtona
hairtins hairtane
hairtin hairtam

tuggo tuggons
tuggon tuggons
tuggons tuggono
tuggon tuggom

aiþei aiþeins
aiþein aiþeins
aiþeins aiþeino
aiþei aiþeim

aba abans
aban abans
abins abne
abin abnam

auhsa auhsans
auhsan auhsans
auhsins auhsne
auhsin auhsnam

manna mannans/mans
mannan mannans/mans
mans manne
mann mannam

namo namna
namo namna
namins namne
namin namnam

wato watna
wato watna
watins watne
watin watnam

Ablaut Series

Ablaut series:

I ei > ai > i > i
Ib ei > ai > ai' > ai'
II iu > au > u > u
IIb u > au > u > u
III i > a > u > u
IIIb ai' > a > au' > au'
IV i > a > e > u
IVb ai' > a > e > au'
V i > a > e > i
Vb ai' > a > e > ai'
VI a > o > o > a
VIIa reduplication only
VIIb e/ai > o > o > e/ai


final b > f
final d > þ
b + preterite 2nd person -t > f (giban > gaft)
d + preterite 2nd person -t > s (biudan > baust)
t + preterite 2nd person -t > s (bigitan > bigast)
þ + preterite 2nd person -t > s (qiþan > qast)

Type Ia:
steigan - stigans - steigands

imperative:
steigam
steig steigats steigiþ
steigadau steigandau

present indicative:
steiga steigos steigam
steigis steigats steigiþ
steigiþ steigand

passive present indicative:
steigada steiganda
steigaza
steigada

preterite indicative:
staig stigu stigum
staigt stiguts stiguþ
staig stigun

present subjunctive:
steigau steigaiwa steigaima
steigais steigaits steigaiþ
steigai steigaina

preterite subjunctive:
stigjau stigeiwa stigeima
stigeis stigeits stigeiþ
stigi stigeina

present passive subjunctive:
steigaidau steigaindau
steigaizau
steigaidau

Articles, Masculine Nouns, Feminine Nouns, Neuter Nouns, Pronouns, Copula

sa þai
þana þans
þis þize
þamma þaim

þata þo
þata þo
þis þize
þamma þaim

so þos
þo þos
þizos þizo
þizai þaim


----
dags dagos
dag dagans
dagis dage
dage dagam

hlaifs hlaibos
hlaif hlaibans
hlaibis hlaibe
hlaiba hlaibam

harjis harjos
hari harjans
harjis harje
harja harjam

hairdeis hairdjos
hairdi hairdjans
hairdeis hairdje
hairdja hairdjam
-----
waurd waurda
waurd waurda
waurdis waurde
waurda waurdam

witoþ witoda
witoþ witoda
witodis witode
witoda witodam

hatis hatiza
hatis hatiza
hatizis hatize
hatiza hatizam

kuni kunja
kuni kunja
kunjis kunja
kunja kunjam

gawi gauja
gawi gauja
gaujis gauje
gauja gaujam
---------

giba gibos
giba gibos
gibos gibo
gibai gibom

bandi bandjos
bandja bandjos
bandjos bandjo
bandjai bandjom

mawi maujos
mauja maujos
maujos maujo
maujai maujom

þiwi þiujos
þiuja þiujai
þiujos þiujo
þiujai þiujom

-----

bloma blomans
bloman blomans
blomins blomane
blomin blomam

hairto hairtona
hairto hairtona
hairtins hairtane
hairtin hairtam

aiþei aiþeins
aiþein aiþeins
aiþeins aiþeino
aiþein aiþeim

tuggo tuggons
tuggon tuggons
tuggons tuggono
tuggon tuggom
-----------
gards gardeis
gard gardins
gardis garde
garda gardim

staþs stadeis
staþ stadins
stadis stade
stade stadim
----

ansts ansteis
anst anstins
anstais anste
anstai anstim

arbaiþs arbaideis
arbaiþ arbaidins
arbaidais arbaide
arbaidai arbaidim

-----

sunus sunjus
sunu sunjuns
sunaus suniwe
sunau sunum

----

ik wit weis
mik ugkis uns/unsis
meina ugkara unsara
mis ugkis uns/unsis

þu jut jus
þuk igqis izwis
þeina igqara izwara
þus igqis izwis

is eis
ina ins
is ize
imma im

ita ija
ita ija
is ize
imma im

si ijos
ija ijos
izos izo
izai im

sik
seina
sis

------

im siju sijum
is sijuts sijuþ
ist sind

was wesu wesum
wast wesuts wesuþ
was wesun

sijau sijaiwa sijaima
sijais sijaits sijaiþ
sijai sijaina

wesjau weseiwa weseima
weseis weseits weseiþ
wesi weseina

-------------------

Hails! Mike namo mein ist.

Hmm... I supposed I should write some kind of forward to this thing. I've been learning Gothic (gutrazda) on and off for maybe 6 or 7 years now as a hobby, and I've always been frustrated with the lack of resources on the net for learning the language. There are plenty of sites out there, but none are very comprehensive. So here is my attempt at creating something of a comprensive site that has everything I feel that I should have had available when I was first starting out. This is a work in progress, so please bear with me if it seems a little incomplete. Also, until I find a decent free web hosting service that I like, I'll be posting things here in blog format. If this works out, I won't bother moving over to a real web page, but for now I hope to someday move off of the blogosphere (I hate that word).

So, to get started, here are some awesome resources:

English-Gothic dictionary: http://www.oe.eclipse.co.uk/nom/egdhome.htm
Beginner lessons by David Salo: http://members.terracom.net/~dorothea/david/gothic/index.html
UTexas Gothic Lessons: http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-TC.html
The Wulfila Project: http://www.wulfila.be
The Gothic Bible: http://wikisource.org/wiki/Bible%2C_Gothic%2C_Ulfila
Yahoo Gothic List: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l/
Gothic naming elements: http://www.geocities.com/Paris/Salon/2385/gothnames.html
Gothic verb conjugator: http://www.verbix.com/languages/gothic.shtml
Matthew Carver's old site: http://www.stormloader.com/carver/gutrazda/

Some useful books:
Grammar of the Gothic Language by Joseph Wright
Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language by Brian T. Regan
An Introduction to the Gothic Language by Thomas O. Lambdin
An Introduction to the Gothic Language by William H. Bennet
A Gothic Etymological Dictionary by Winfred P. Lehmann